The short version of epitalon fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2025-10-16. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Published work on this compound consists mainly of in vitro experiments, animal studies, and small clinical investigations, a substantial share of which appeared in Russian-language journals. Sample sizes are generally small, control conditions differ between studies, and several endpoints rely on markers whose clinical meaning is itself debated. Reviews of the longevity field treat the peptide as an early example of telomerase-directed research rather than an established intervention. Regulatory treatment varies by country: some jurisdictions place it under prescription controls, others treat it as a laboratory material, and importation may be restricted regardless of local status.
Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide whose sequence is alanine–glutamate–aspartate–glycine, commonly abbreviated AEDG. It was developed in Russia during the 1980s and 1990s by investigators associated with the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, who studied short peptides as regulators of gene expression and tissue function. The alternative spelling epithalon appears interchangeably in the literature, and the two names refer to the same molecule. Outside Russia it is encountered chiefly as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine, and it holds no approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency.
Laboratory work has examined effects on telomerase activity in cultured cells, on melatonin rhythms in animals, and on markers of oxidative stress. Some experiments report measurable changes while others show none, and the reported findings rest largely on small studies. The absence of large independent trials means the generality of these results is unresolved rather than settled. Review articles occasionally apply the label geroprotector, a term that reflects a research hypothesis about ageing rather than an established clinical finding.
Epitalon is the common name for a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence alanine-glutamate-aspartate-glycine, usually abbreviated AEDG. All four residues are proteinogenic amino acids, and the free peptide has a calculated mass near 390 grams per mole. Because the chain is short and carries no modifications, it is assembled readily by solid-phase synthesis and is distributed mainly as a freeze-dried solid for laboratory work. Catalogue listings use the spellings epitalon, epithalone, and simply AEDG, and the three refer to the same sequence.
The compound is generally presented as a synthetic fragment of epithalamin, a pineal gland extract investigated in the former Soviet Union from the 1970s onward. Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues in Saint Petersburg developed short peptides modelled on such extracts, and epitalon became the most widely cited of those sequences. Most primary reports appeared in Russian-language journals or in proceedings with limited international circulation. Independent replication in laboratories outside that network remains sparse, and much repeated secondary material traces back to a small number of originating groups.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Peptide sequence | Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly | Often abbreviated AEDG in research literature |
| Common synonyms | Epithalon, epitalon, AEDG | Spelling variants refer to the same tetrapeptide |
| Molecular formula | C14H22N4O9 | Theoretical monoisotopic mass near 390.35 Da |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typically supplied as a lyophilised solid |
| Solubility class | Freely soluble in water | Hydrophilic peptide; dissolves in aqueous buffer |
The proposed relationship between epitalon and pineal function is a central part of its background. Khavinson's group reported that short peptides corresponding to regions of larger pineal proteins could influence gene expression in cells. Epitalon was framed as a synthetic analogue of an active fragment rather than a direct isolation product. Whether the tetrapeptide reproduces the effects of the parent extract is an open question, because comparative studies are limited and the parent extract itself is not a single defined substance.
Interest in epitalon is usually discussed within the broader field of short peptide bioregulators, a category that includes other synthetic di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides studied by the same research group. These compounds share a common rationale: that small fragments of tissue-derived proteins can retain biological activity and can be produced reproducibly. The category as a whole remains outside mainstream pharmacological consensus, and epitalon specifically has a limited presence in independent, non-Russian research literature, which shapes how its evidence base is described.
Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence alanine-glutamate-aspartate-glycine, abbreviated Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly or AEDG. It was developed by the Russian researcher Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues during work on peptide bioregulators derived from the pineal gland. The compound is short enough to be produced by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis and is typically handled as a lyophilized white powder. Its small size distinguishes it from larger pineal peptides such as epithalamin, a complex extract from which the tetrapeptide was conceptually derived.
In May 1878 Eddy brought a case against Daniel Spofford, in Salem, Massachusetts, for practicing mesmerism. It came to be known as the second Salem witchcraft trial. The case was filed in the name of one of Spofford's patients, Lucretia Brown, who said that he had bewitched her, though Eddy appeared in court on Brown's behalf. In preparation for the hearing, Eddy organized a 24-hour watch at 8 Broad Street, during which she asked 12 students to think about Spofford for two hours each and block malicious mesmerism from him. She arrived at the court with 20 supporters, including Amos Bronson Alcott (a "cloud of witnesses," according to the Boston Globe), but Judge Horace Gray dismissed the case. The attempt to have Spofford tried was not the end of the dispute. In October 1878 Eddy's husband and another student, Edward Arens, were charged with conspiring to murder Spofford. A barman said they had offered him $500 to do it; after a complex series of claims and counter-claims, the charges were dropped when a witness retracted his statement. Eddy attributed the allegation to a plot by former students to undermine sales of the second edition of Science and Health, just published. Her lawyer had to apply for an attachment order against her house to collect his fee.
On 21 March, Japanese ambassador to Brazil Teiji Hayashi confirmed that prime minister Fumio Kishida would invite president Lula to the 49th G7 summit to be held from 19 to 21 May 2023 in Hiroshima, which formally took place on 6 April. In May 2023, Kishida met with Lula and announced that Japan was starting procedures to grant Brazilians travel visa exemptions and was opening a ¥30 billion line of credit to support health companies and other businesses in Brazil through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Lula said Brazil and Japan need to further develop their commercial, cultural, political and scientific relationship adding that "we have cultural bonds with Japan and a great Japanese-Brazilian community". Both leaders also discussed education, climate change, development and peace.
=== Phase 1 === AZD-4041 – orexin OX1 receptor antagonist – opioid-related disorders BI-1356225 – ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) inhibitor – opioid-related disorders Cebranopadol (GRT-6005; PRK-101; TRN-228) – μ-opioid receptor agonist, nociceptin receptor agonist – substance-related disorders CSX-1004 – monoclonal antibody against fentanyl – opioid-related disorders Dimethyltryptamine/harmine (DMT/harmine; RE-01) – combination of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and serotonergic psychedelic) and harmine (monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and other actions) – cocaine-related disorders DPI-125 (MCP-201) – μ-opioid receptor agonist, δ-opioid receptor agonist, κ-opioid receptor agonist – opioid-related disorders Ibuprofen/ketotifen (SJP-005) – combination of ibuprofen (cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor/NSAID) and ketotifen (histamine H1 receptor antagonist, other actions) – opioid-related disorders Icalcaprant (ABBV-1354; CVL-354) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist – opioid-related disorders KNX-100 (SOC-1) – oxytocin-like drug / indirect oxytocin receptor modulator – opioid-related disorders, substance-related disorders Mavoglurant (AFQ-056; STP-7) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor antagonist – cocaine-related disorders MEB-1170 – μ-opioid receptor biased agonist – opioid-related disorders Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor agonist, and serotonergic psychedelic – substance use disorders MST-01 – undefined mechanism of action – smoking withdrawal Nalmefene (AV-104; TH-104) – μ-opioid receptor antagonist, κ-opioid receptor weak partial agonist – opioid-related disorders Naltrexone implantable pellets (BICX-102, BICX-104) – opioid receptor antagonist – alcoholism, opioid-related disorders, substance-related disorders Nezavist (DCUK-OEt) – peripherally selective GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator (etomidate site) – alcoholism Noribogaine (DMX-1001) – various actions – alcoholism NRS-033 (nalmefene prodrug) – μ-opioid receptor antagonist, κ-opioid receptor weak partial agonist – opioid-related disorders OMS-527 (OMS-182399; OMS527) – phosphodiesterase PDE7 inhibitor – cocaine-related disorders Psilocybin (MLS-101/MLS101) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist, serotonergic psychedelic – opioid-related disorders Smoking cessation therapeutics - Astraea Therapeutics – nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists – smoking withdrawal SXC-2023 – cystine/glutamate transporter (SLC7A11) – cocaine-related disorders Tezampanel (LY-293558; NGX-424; PRN-001-01) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist – opioid-related disorders Zabaglurant (Heptares 25; HTL-0014242; HTL14242; TMP-301) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulator – cocaine-related disorders, substance-related disorders
=== Formation === The concept of the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom emerged in late 1917 amid growing anti-Bolshevik resistance following the October Revolution. It was formally organized by Boris Savinkov in March 1918 as a clandestine network intended to coordinate anti-Bolshevik activity and prepare armed uprisings across central Russia. The organization maintained contacts with anti-Bolshevik military circles, including representatives of the Volunteer Army, and reportedly received support from its command. Its political and military objective was the overthrow of Bolshevik power and the organization of resistance in the interior of Soviet-controlled territory. Branches of the Union were established in Moscow, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Murom, Kazan, Elatma, and other cities.
July 26: Order regulating the number of women accompanying the army. November 17 (Paris): Police prefect ordinance bans women from wearing men's clothing, including trousers, though permits can be granted. 1801
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
DM is paraneoplastic in up to 40% of cases, most commonly in association with underlying malignancy in patients with anti–TIF1γ autoantibodies. A majority of patients with paraneoplastic dermatomyositis harbor somatic mutations or other genetic alterations in tumor genes encoding the target autoantigens of their corresponding autoantibodies, suggesting that, in this context, autoantibody production arises secondary to an anti-tumor immune response that fails to achieve effective tumor control.The most commonly associated cancers are ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer overall, but the most frequent associations can vary depending on patient race or ethnicity. Inherited genetic factors confer a predisposition to developing these diseases, and HLA subtypes HLA-DR3, HLA-DR52, and HLA-DR6 seem to create a disposition to DM.
== Diagnosis == Exertional rhabdomyolysis, the exercise-induced muscle breakdown that results in muscle pain/soreness, is commonly diagnosed using the urine myoglobin test accompanied by high levels of creatine kinase (CK). Myoglobin is the protein released into the bloodstream when skeletal muscle is broken down. The urine test simply examines whether myoglobin is present or absent. When results are positive the urine normally obtains a dark, brown color followed by serum CK level evaluation to determine the severity of muscle damage. Elevated levels of serum CK greater than 5,000 U/L that are not caused by myocardial infarction, brain injury or disease, generally indicate serious muscle damage confirming the diagnosis of ER. Urine is often a dark "cola" color as a result of the excretion of muscle cell components.
Helium has a valence of zero and is chemically unreactive under all normal conditions. It is an electrical insulator unless ionized. As with the other noble gases, helium has metastable energy levels that allow it to remain ionized in an electrical discharge with a voltage below its ionization potential. Helium can form unstable compounds, known as excimers, with tungsten, iodine, fluorine, sulfur, and phosphorus when it is subjected to a glow discharge, to electron bombardment, or reduced to plasma by other means. The molecular compounds HeNe, HgHe10, and WHe2, and the molecular ions He+2, He2+2, HeH+, and HeD+ have been created this way. HeH+ is also stable in its ground state but is extremely reactive—it is the strongest Brønsted acid known, and therefore can exist only in isolation, as it will protonate any molecule or counteranion it contacts. This technique has also produced the neutral molecule He2, which has a large number of band systems, and HgHe, which is apparently held together only by polarization forces. Van der Waals compounds of helium can also be formed with cryogenic helium gas and atoms of some other substance, such as LiHe and He2. Theoretically, other true compounds may be possible, such as helium fluorohydride (HHeF), which would be analogous to HArF, discovered in 2000. Calculations show that two new compounds containing a helium-oxygen bond could be stable. Two new molecular species, predicted using theory, CsFHeO and N(CH3)4FHeO, are derivatives of a metastable FHeO− anion first theorized in 2005 by a group from Taiwan.
== Degree of nerve injury == As the majority of nerve entrapment doesn't affect the structural integrity of the endoneurium, perineurium, or epineurium, the nerve injuries from nerve entrapment will primarily be type I or II in the Sunderland classification. As nerve entrapment can leave individual nerves in different stages of injury, mixed lesions may be present. For example, mild/moderate entrapment may largely see an overlap of metabolic block and type I injury (local myelin sheath damage). Moderate/severe entrapment may see type I and II injuries simultaneously (myelin sheath damage and axon damage).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The band's second album, Powerglide (1972), was the first to feature this line-up. The Powerglide album art included a notable caricature of the band members drawn by Lore Shoberg. 1973's The Adventures of Panama Red included a Nelson-sung cover of Peter Rowan's "Panama Red" that steadily gained traction as an enduring FM radio staple. The album peaked at No. 55 in Billboard and, albeit as a sleeper hit, marked the band's commercial zenith; in 1979, it was certified gold by RIAA. In the mid-1970s, Radio Caroline adopted the song "On My Way Back Home" from the Gypsy Cowboy album as the station's theme tune. The song was well-suited to the station's album-oriented format of the time, and included the lyric "Flying to the sun, sweet Caroline". The New Riders of the Purple Sage continued touring and releasing albums throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s to an increasingly fallow reception; none of the albums that followed New Riders (1976) charted on the Billboard 200 in antipodal contrast to the widespread mainstream success of the outlaw country movement (exemplified by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings) and such second-wave country rock groups as The Eagles, Pure Prairie League, and Firefall. The band continued to open several Grateful Dead and Jerry Garcia Band shows in 1977 and 1978, including the final concert preceding the closure of Winterland Ballroom on December 31, 1978.
Paracetamol is available in oral, suppository, and intravenous forms. Intravenous paracetamol is sold under the brand name Ofirmev in the United States. In some formulations, paracetamol is combined with the opiate codeine, sometimes referred to as co-codamol (BAN) and Panadeine in Australia. In the U.S., this combination is available only by prescription. As of 1 February 2018, medications containing codeine also became prescription-only in Australia. Paracetamol is also combined with other opioids such as dihydrocodeine, referred to as co-dydramol (British Approved Name (BAN)), oxycodone or hydrocodone. Another very commonly used analgesic combination includes paracetamol in combination with propoxyphene napsylate. A combination of paracetamol, codeine, and the doxylamine succinate is also available. Paracetamol is also available combined with butalbital and caffeine as a treatment for tension and migraine headaches. Paracetamol is sometimes combined with phenylephrine hydrochloride. Sometimes a third active ingredient, such as ascorbic acid, caffeine, chlorpheniramine maleate, or guaifenesin is added to this combination.
Years pass and Annie contacts Demon about publishing his book. Demon knows that she is expecting a baby and drives to Lee County to meet her instead. After seeing that Lewis has taken Annie to the hospital to give birth, Demon visits Betsy, Dick and June. Skipping a retirement party for Coach, Demon fears the traumatic memories that returning to Lee County would surface. He asks Betsy about Angus’ love life, knowing she shares things with Betsy she doesn’t with him. Coyly, the old woman tells him to ask her himself, saying she only has one man in mind. Visiting Angus the next day, who is preparing to sell Coach's old house, Demon begins to understand they have always had feelings for each other. The book ends with Angus and Demon driving toward the ocean together, his hand tenderly touching the back of her neck.
=== Protein analysis === Protein analysis using microPIXE allow for the determination of the elemental composition of liquid and crystalline proteins. microPIXE can quantify the metal content of protein molecules with a relative accuracy of between 10% and 20%. The advantage of microPIXE is that given a protein of known sequence, the X-ray emission from sulfur can be used as an internal standard to calculate the number of metal atoms per protein monomer. Because only relative concentrations are calculated there are only minimal systematic errors, and the results are totally internally consistent. The relative concentrations of DNA to protein (and metals) can also be measured using the phosphate groups of the bases as an internal calibration.
== Related compounds == Numerous other compounds similar to levonantradol were also developed at the same time, including CP 42,096, CP 47,497, CP 55,940 and CP 55,244. The desacetyl derivative of levonantradol (DALN or CP 54,939) and its N-methyl derivative, as well as the tetracyclic analogue all have similar activity to levonantradol itself.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Epitalon is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide with the sequence alanine–glutamate–aspartate–glycine, also written AEDG. It was developed in Russian gerontology research and is studied for proposed effects on telomerase, melatonin regulation, and neuroendocrine function. It is not an approved pharmaceutical in the United States or the European Union.
No. Epithalamin is a peptide-rich extract prepared from bovine pineal glands, while epitalon is a short synthetic peptide designed as a defined analogue of it. The synthetic version was intended to provide a reproducible molecule with some of the same proposed biological activity.
Telomere elongation and telomerase activation have been reported in cultured human somatic cells, but evidence from living human subjects is limited and has not been independently confirmed at scale. Reported findings come largely from small studies with differing designs, so the question remains open rather than settled.
It is a four-amino-acid peptide with the sequence alanine-glutamate-aspartate-glycine. The chain is unmodified and contains only standard proteinogenic residues, which makes it straightforward to produce by solid-phase synthesis and to characterise by standard peptide methods.